These data could help to streamline decision making concerning the suitability of football shoe outsoles, allowing players to tailor their selection for given climatic or surface conditions. Portable testing devices can now be used to objectively measure mechanical properties of playing surfaces and quantify their interaction with shoe outsoles. This is attributed to higher shoe-surface traction with warm season grass species. For example, drought resistant warm season grass species are associated with increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury compared to other cool season grass species in Australian rules football. Moreover, different grass species have different mechanical properties. Importantly, varied climatic conditions means certain geographical regions support certain species of grass. Varied shoe-surface interface conditions change a players muscle recruitment patterns, movement strategies, and injury risk. Surface hardness and subsequent penetration of the studs on the surface ultimately alters traction. Mechanical properties of natural grass playing surfaces are moderated by climatic factors such as. Further challenges arise based on the wide array of outsole designs currently on the market and intermittent changes in playing surface throughout a playing season. This is sometimes difficult to achieve as traction varies according to shoe outsole, stud/cleat configuration, and the characteristics of the playing surface, among other factors. Optimal shoe-surface conditions should therefore attenuate rotational resistance whilst maintaining translational traction or playing performance (no slipping for players). ![]() Although increases in translational traction (straight line or side-to-side) are linked to improved performance (e.g., time to complete an agility course or acceleration task), higher levels of rotational traction are linked to greater risk of lower limb injury. Two important components of traction exist: translational traction which is the horizontal force required to overcome the resistance between the shoe outsole (studs) and playing surface and rotational traction which is the rotational force required to release the studs through the playing surface in a rotational manner. Ī player’s ability to accelerate, decelerate, and change direction is largely influenced by the available traction between the football shoe and playing surface. ![]() A recent systematic review examining activity demands of team sports found that the highest volume of cutting movements occur in football, with players performing up to 800 cuts per game. Elite footballers undertake 1500–3100 metres of high intensity running per match, with accelerations contributing 7–10% of the total player load, and decelerations contributing 5–7%. ![]() Association football (soccer) is an invasion game involving multiple bouts of intermittent sprinting and directional changes.
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